- Characteristics
- Puritanism
- Mostly diaries and histories, looking for providence of God
- Saw religion as a personal, inner experience
- Believed in original sin and elect who would be saved
- Plain style of writing
- Predestination/Calvin (Calvinism: TULIP)
- The Enlightenment (skeptical of authority)
- Works
- [core] The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin/Anne Bradstreet's poetry
- Characteristics
- Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning
- Place faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination
- Transcendentalism (sublime, seek unspoiled nature as a path of spirituality)
- Used dark and supernatural themes/settings (gothic style)
- Works
- [core] The Scarlett Letter/Young Goodman Brown/ The Birth-Mark/ Resistance to Civil Government/Walt Whitman's Poems
- Characteristics
- Renders reality closely, plots and characters are more plausible
- sought to explain behavior [psychology/socially]
- Diction is natural
- Works
- [core] Adventures of Huckleberry Finn/The Awakening/Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass/Emily Dickinson's poetry
- Characteristics
- Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the American Dream. The independence, self-reliant, individual with triumph
- Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional
- Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (stream of consciousness)
- Harlem Renaissance
- Works
- [core] The Sound and the Fury/Their Eyes Were Watching God/T.S. Eliot's poetry/Langston Hughes's poetry/Robert Frost's poetry/A Streetcar Named Desire
- Characteristics
- The impact of technology
- Sense that little is unique, culture endlessly duplicates the copies itself
- New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work
- Works
- [core] Beloved/ Flannery O'Connor's work/ Gwendolyn Brooks' poetry/ Allen Ginsberg's poetry/M. Butterfly
Eras, Movements, and themes in American Literature
- Themes:
- Identity (individual and national and cultural heritage)
- Clash of cultures
- Environment/Wilderness
- Traditions
- Women's
- African American
- Native American
- Male/Female Relationships/Family
- According to Era
- Puritan: Sin, Guilt, Delight
- Colonial: National identity, Revolution, Enlightenment Rationality
- Transcendentalism: The unseen, Individuality, Non-conformity
- Romantic: Dark psychology, quest, isolation, truth, wilderness
- Realist: Social condition, women question, class ideology, family
- Naturalist: Determinism vs Free Will, urban and industrial conditions
- Modernist: Spiritual and social alienation, Art as religion, form
- Harlem Renaissance: African American Identity, Double-consciousness
- Post-Modernism: The game, meta-fiction, violence
- Ethnic literature: cross cultural identity, manhood, cultural forms
- Religion
- Violence
- Quest vs. Meaninglessness
- Era and movements:
- Ancient Native American Tales and songs
- Puritan literature (1620-1700)
- Bradstreet
- Taylor
- Bradford
- Rowlandson
- Colonial Literature (1700-1800) Enlightenment
- Wheatley
- Ashbridge
- Edwards (last of the Puritans, but in the 18th C)
- de Crevecoeur
- Franklin
- Equiano
- Pre-Romantics (1820's)
- Irving
- Cooper
- Transcendentalist literature (1840's)
- Thoreau
- Emerson
- Fuller
- Romantic Literature (1830's-1850's)
- (Brockden Brown - much earlier)
- Poe
- Hawthorne
- Melville
- Whitman (and Transcendentalist)
- Bryant
- Longfellow
- Whittier
- Stowe (a realist before her time)
- Southwestern Humor (is this the right title?)
- George Washington Harris
- Joel Chandler Harris
- Cable
- Native American Literature (19th C)
- Douglass
- Wilson
- Jacobs
- Dunbar
- Harper
- Chestnutt
- Dunbar-Nelson
- DuBois
- People who can't be assigned surely (19th C)
- Alcott (a realist during the romantic era? Sensationalist?)
- Davis (realist or romantic?)
- Dickinson (realist? romantic? or just herself?)
- Gilman (feminist, not a realist but in that era)
- Sui-Sin Far (Asian American - a realist?)
- Realist and Naturalist Literature (including regionalism and psychological realism)
- Twain (regionalism)
- Jewett (regionalism)
- Freeman (regionalism)
- Harte (regionalism)
- Oskison (regionalism)
- Garland (regionalism)
- Howells
- Chopin
- Austin
- Norris (Naturalism)
- James (Psychological realism)
- Crane (naturalism)
- Dreiser (naturalism)
- Wahrton (psychological realism)
- (Do we add Alcott, Davis, Gilman, Sui Sin Far, Dickinson?)
- Modernist Literature
- Faulkner (fiction)
- Hemingway
- Anderson
- Fitzgerald
- Cather
- Stein (fiction and poetry)
- Steinbeck
- [Neihardt] (see below, Nat Am Renaissance)
- O'Neill (drama)
- Eliot (poetry)
- Frost
- Moore
- WC Williams
- Stevens
- H.D.
- Pound
- Millay
- Jeffers
- Lowell
- Bogan
- Rukeyser
- Cummings
- Harlem Renaissance Literature
- Fiction
- Hurston
- Larson
- Toomer
- Poetry
- Hughes
- Cullen
- McKay
- Contemporary African American Literature
- Fiction
- R. Wright
- Ellison
- Baldwin
- Bambara
- Walker
- Morrison
- Poetry
- Hayden
- Dove
- Clifton
- Baraka
- Brooks
- Drama
- Hansberry
- Wilson
- Shange
- Contemporary Native American Literature (Native American Renaissance)
- [Neihardt–an as-told-to autobiography of the 1930's that became well read in the 1960's]
- Fiction
- Momaday
- Erdrich
- Silko
- Vizenor
- Poetry
- Rios
- S. Ortiz
- Harjo
- Rose
- Hogan
- Other 20th C Ethnic Literature
- Fiction
- Malamud
- Mukherjee
- Kingston
- Alvarez
- Poetry
- L.Y. Lee
- Mora
- Drama
- Hwang
- Contemporary Fiction (Some are post-modernist, metafictionist, most are not)
- O'Connor
- Cheever
- Mason
- Paley
- Welty
- LeGuin
- Ford
- J. Williams
- Adams
- Barthelme
- Olsen
- Porter
- Barth
- O'Brien
- Updike
- TC Boyle
- Heller
- Irving
- Bellow
- C. Johnson
- Kennedy
- Nabokov
- Pynchon
- Smiley
- Vonnegut
- Contemporary Poetry
- Roethke
- Bishop
- Jarrell
- Wilbur
- Sexton
- Ginsberg
- Rich
- Simic
- Oliver
- Strafford
- Nye
- Collins
- J. Wright
- Plath
- Kumin
- Hall
- Levertov
- Weigl
- Hirsch
- Contemporary Drama
- Miller
- T. Williams
- Albee
- Rice
- Hellman
- Shepard
- Wilder
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